Identifier: geology00cham (find matches)
Title: Geology
Year: 1907 (1900s)
Authors: Chamberlin, Thomas C. (Thomas Chrowder), 1843-1928 Salisbury, Rollin D., 1859- joint author
Subjects: Geology
Publisher: New York, H. Holt and co.
Contributing Library: Internet Archive
Digitizing Sponsor: Internet Archive

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e limestone of fresh-water origin, made partly from the secre-tions of algae. As was natural, too, under the conditions of sedimenta-tion, the limestones of certain localities are made up almost whollyof the secretions of a single type of life. Thus in the Vienna basin,the limestone is made up in some places chiefly of coral, in others ofthe shells of gastropods, in others of foraminiferal shells, in othersof the secretions of algae, etc. The system has great developmentin Italy, where it attains a thickness of nearly 6000 feet. 1 Geikie, Text-book of Geology, 4th ed., p. 1261. THE MIOCENE PERIOD. 279 In spite of the wide sway of the southern sea of Europe, the Mio-cene formations do not appear at the surface in great areas, thoughfound in all countries bordering the Mediterranean, both in Europeand Africa. In most of these countries, the lower formations are ofmarine origin, and the upper of brackish- or fresh-water origin. About the Dardanelles, such beds contain petroleum and bitu-
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Fig. 453.—Sketch-map showing area of non-marine deposits of the closing stage(Sarmatian) of the Miocene. (After De Lapparent.) men.1 In Africa, Miocene formations occur in Algeria and in LowerEgypt, but not in Upper Egypt. They also occur in Syria, but notin Arabia and Persia, showing that the water connection betweenthe Mediterranean and Indian ocean regions had come to an end.The Gulf of Suez is thought to have been a Mediterranean bay at thistime.2 Close of the Miocene in Europe.—In Europe as in America con-English, Q. J. G. S.f 1904, pp. 255-260.2 Hume, Geol, Mag., 1904, pp. 250-252. 280 OBOLOOY, siderable disturbances occurred in the later part of the Miocene period,and at its close. Before the end of the period the Alps had had aperiod of growth, usually placed at the close of the Lower Miocene.This date is fixed by the fact that the Lower Miocene beds on theAlpine side of the Vienna basin are upturned, while the Upper Mio-cene beds remain nearly horizontal. This is hardly t

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